The multi-vendor optical transmission equipment that composes the access and metro network is rapidly progressing. This will lead to increasing in the expected system and network failure rate because of the difficulty of the system performance tuning. Also, Internet traffic is growing more rapidly and a backbone network with high transmission capacity is required. Therefore, a high-availability routing which overcomes the high failure rate is required. The improvement of the machine performance and the development of the data analysis technologies enables the failure prediction of a network system based on analyzing the collected data from network equipment [1]. Therefore, the survivable routing method considering the failure probability is studied. We have proposed a high-availability routing method called Expected Capacity Guaranteed Routing (ECGR) [2] which guarantees that the expected capacity calculated based on link failure probability exceeds the requested capacity of flows. In [2], a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) method is applied for multi-path route calculation. Therefore, the conventional ECGR has a problem that the computation time increases explosively as the number of nodes and links increases. To reduce the computation time, a k-shortest path routing method that calculates k routes in order from the shortest route is applied. ECGR route calculation is performed by setting the upper limit of allocation per route to the requested capacity and increasing the number of routes until the expected capacity constraint is obtained. Blocking occurs when the expected capacity constraint cannot be satisfied even if k is used. In order to confirm that the calculation can be completed within 60 seconds with k-shortest path based ECGR even if the number of nodes increases or any topology, a PoC was created. There are two hosts and they are connected with each other through an ECGR enabled network. In the PoC, the ECGR enabled network is composed of Open vSwitches connected to each other. A controller of the PoC consists of three controllers and one manager. An ECGR controller is a main controller of the PoC and it calculates the optimal route for the connection request from the sender host. It also manages available network resources, e.g. link capacity, and also manages Virtual LAN Identifier (VLAN ID) for multi-path transmission. After the ECGR controller calculating the route, it requests to an OpenFlow controller for configuring the paths between the sender host and the receiver host. Every switch is configured using an OpenFlow protocol. A multi-path frame converter manager supervises multi-path frame converters which are placed on the edge of ECGR enabled network. It receives the requested capacity and VLAN ID for assigned paths from the ECGR controller and configures the multi-path frame converters at the both ends of the route. An environmental controller is the element only for the PoC. It manages the state of each link and emulates the link failure according to the failure rate functions. In this presentation, we propose k-shortest path-based ECGR and describe operation verification of ECGR in a testbed and performance evaluation in computer simulation.

Fig.1 ECGR PoC system.

https://www.yamanaka.ics.keio.ac.jp/wpcontent/uploads/2020/09/iPOP2020_T1-3.pdf

◆T2-4 “Hierarchical Skew Handling over Massively Parallel Optical Channel for the Dynamic MAC”

Kyosuke Sugiura, Masaki Murakami, Satoru Okamoto, and Naoaki Yamanaka, Keio University, Japan

https://www.pilab.jp/ipop2020/info/onlineproceedings.html#T2-4

It is expected that the required transmission capacity for optical fiber will hit 1 Pb/s around 2030; whereas single-mode optical fiber (SMF) has physical limitations around 100Tb/s. To overcome this limitation, multi-core/multi-mode fibers have been developed [1]. Also, the ever-increasing traffic implies that a 10 Tb/s-class interface will be needed around 2030, which will be achieved by aggregating 400 optical channels. To this end, we propose a Dynamic MAC (Media Access Control), which effectively maps MAC client signals up to 400 optical channels [2].

The main challenge is how to effectively distribute MAC client signals up to 400 lanes. 100 Gb/s Ethernet employs a round-robin mapper that distributes MAC signals to 20 of PCS lanes on a 64-bit block basis, but it is a bottleneck in expanding PCS (Physical Coding Sublayer) lanes. Therefore, the Dynamic MAC introduces an intermediate layer just before PCS and gradually divide the MAC frame into a 64-bit block. In the emulator evaluation in [3], the number of parallelisms can be increased x1.73 by introducing the intermediate layer.

The Dynamic MAC has another significant challenge; how to handle skew. Skew is defined as the term between the earliest lane and the latest one. The Dynamic MAC may transmit signals over different core, fiber, routes. In the case of 100 Gb/s Ethernet, MLD (Multi-Lane Distribution) mechanism triggers lane swapping due to its bit multiplexing strategy. Therefore, 100 Gb/s Ethernet periodically insert AM (Alignment Marker) into each lane for skew handling and reordering lane. The Dynamic MAC inserts two types of AM; the intermediate layer inserts AM_outer and PCS inserts AM_inner. This enables local skew processing in the intermediate layer.

In this research, we show an example of a lane configuration that is considered optimal from the aspect of both scalability and skew processing. Besides, the details of signal generation are described.

Fig.1 Dynamic MAC over Multi-core Fiber Optical Network

Fig.2 Internal Lane Structure of Dynamic MAC

https://www.yamanaka.ics.keio.ac.jp/wpcontent/uploads/2020/09/iPOP2020_T2-4.pdf

◆G-1 “gRPC Enabled Massively Parallel and Flexible Network”

Yutaka Nasu, Keio University, Japan

https://www.pilab.jp/ipop2020/info/onlineproceedings.html#G-1

Massively parallel transmission and flexible operations are essential toward 1Pbps class optical networks with Space Division Multiplexing (SDM). We propose the Dynamic MAC for SDM enabled networks. The Dynamic MAC allows massively parallel transmission ov er 400 optical channels and skews handling caused by different wavelengths, fibers, and paths. The Dynamic MAC can be controlled via gRPC, which is popular as a control interface among network equipment. gRPC makes it possible to operate MAC and other netw ork devices together by the same interface. This demo shows flexible traffic engineering that combines not only routing but also link bandwidth control by the Dynamic MAC.

https://www.pilab.jp/ipop2020/info/onlineproceedings.html#T2-4

◆P-2 “Automatic Camera Selection and Broadcast Method Based on Dynamic Optical Path among Edge Computers”

Yu Nishio, Masaki Murakami, Satoru Okamoto, and Naoaki Yamanaka, Keio University, Japan

https://www.pilab.jp/ipop2020/info/onlineproceedings.html#P-2

The number of videos has been increasing and is expected to continue to do so in the future. According to the Cisco Visual Networking Index (VNI)[1], it is predicted that 82% of IP traffic will be video by the year 2022. In particular, we have seen a remarkable increase in traffic for live streams. According to VNI, only 5% of video traffic was live streamed in 2017. However, they report that this is expected to increase to 17% by 2022. With multiple large streams of 4K and 8K video and other high-capacity streams on the network, there is a need for a dynamic optical path for video delivery. There are also three problems with real-time streaming video compared to recorded video. The first is that the user’s desired video changes as the content changes over time. Secondly, it is not possible to deal with unintended reflections of the object distributor. Finally, there is a dearth of ways to distinguish between similar videos. So I propose the automatic camera selection and broadcast method based on dynamic optical path among edge computers that illustrated in Fig 1.

In this method, each camera that is recording video first sends the video to the video management edge server. Users who want to watch the videos send their preferences to the video distribution edge server in advance. Next, the video management edge server uses machine learning to tag each frame of the video as shown in Fig 2. In this case, the tag weight is set according to the size of the object in the frame. Then, using the user’s preferences and the video’s tags, it sets the video’s score. Based on the scores of the videos, the user decides which videos to watch. And the video distribution edge server between the video management edge server to which the video belongs and the video distribution edge server to which the user belongs The dynamic optical path is used to distribute video. In this case, the video distribution edge server holds several videos that are high scoring for the user at the same time.

This method solves three problems with camera selection in three key ways. First, we created metadata for each frame of the video. Next, we used machine learning to metadata the objects in the frame. Finally, the weight of the metadata was determined according to the percentage of objects in the frame. This approach allows the user to watch the video according to his or her preferences.

Fig.1 Automatic Camera Selection and Broadcast Method Based on Dynamic Optical Path among Edge Computers

Fig.2 Camera selection using tags

https://www.yamanaka.ics.keio.ac.jp/wpcontent/uploads/2020/09/iPOP2020_P-2.pdf

◆P-3 “Proposal to predict location information for unconnected vehicle and control autonomous driving vehicle at intersections using optical network”

Ryosuke Shirai, Satoru Okamoto and Naoaki Yamanaka, Keio University, Japan

https://www.pilab.jp/ipop2020/info/onlineproceedings.html#P-3

A smart city that utilizes cyber-physical space (CPS) to solve urban problems is collecting much attention. CPS is a system that uploads data via network gathered in the real world to the cyberspace and feeds it back to the real world according to the analysis results. To realize CPS, a cloud server and many edge servers are connected by optical network.

An example of utilizing CPS in a smart city is an autonomous driving vehicle (ADV). In ADV platform, information gathered from connected cars and roadside units (RSUs) is sent to cyberspace. Then, ADV can perform an appropriate operation according to the information of the surrounding environment because ADV is controlled based on the calculation result in cyberspace. In addition, because of linked edge servers by optical network, it is possible to control ADV that deals with various QoS requirement.

Since collision accidents frequently occur at intersections, much research has been conducted on ADV control in consideration of safety [1]. However, ADV is controlled only based on their position information in these studies, so there is a possibility of a collision accident with an unconnected vehicle at an intersection.

To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a method to predict location information for unconnected vehicles from a camera in the smart city and a method of ADV control at intersections where unconnected vehicles exist by linked edge servers. In the proposed method, an edge server controls ADV at each intersection. This edge computing is effective in terms of delay and network load. In addition, ADV is controlled by CPS that is constructed by linked edge servers, so edge servers are connected by optical network.

However, a single camera cannot predict that the unconnected vehicle will slow down due to obstacles that are not visible in the camera. As a result, ADV wastefully waits for an unconnected vehicle at the intersection, which reduces intersection throughput. Therefore, multiple cameras in the smart city are linked by an edge server to predict unconnected vehicles. (fig.1)

Also, in the method of ADV control, we propose a control based on the probability density to the positions of unconnected vehicles. (fig.2) By adding acceleration control to the vehicle control method, this method not only makes it possible to avoid collision accidents but also prevents a reduction in traffic throughput.

In this paper, a bicycle is used as a model of the unconnected vehicle. It is possible to avoid collision accidents while maintaining a high traffic throughput resulting from the computer simulation.

Fig.1 Linked multiple cameras in the smart city

Fig.2 The method of ADV control

https://www.yamanaka.ics.keio.ac.jp/wpcontent/uploads/2020/09/iPOP2020_P-3.pdf

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山中研究室オンラインOB/OG会が開催されました

2020年08月04日管理者

昨年は台風１９号で中止、今年の春はコロナで開催ができず、このままでは、一生開催できなくなるという恐怖から、B4の輪講発表があった日の夜に開催されました。

４０名以上の参加で、家族での参加、お子様との参加、職場からの参加、電車の中からの参加と多様な参加形態で全国から参加してもらい、終わることがなく昔話に花が咲きました。

転職した人、偉くなった人、結婚した人、子供が生まれた人、それぞれの人生を、慶應の社中として元気に送っていました。

また、いずれやりましょう。

OB・OG会の録画のリンク（ダウンロード不可・プレビューのみ）

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Yn5c1CFaSQw_YDezYMuz6GQRxdGQ0T57/view?usp=sharing

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電子情報通信学会東京支部主催「社会人博士が活躍する社会に向けて」のシンポジュームで、社会人を受け入れている大学研究室として山中研究室が紹介されました

2020年07月27日管理者

日本の競争力を高め、活躍する社会をつくるには、博士等の高度技術者の育成と、社会での活躍が必須です。日本には、社会人博士と呼ばれる、仕事と両立させた学事取得プログラムがあり、多くの社会人がそれを活用しています。一方、仕事とのマッチング、多忙等、特に社会人の限られた時間をどのように活用して、キャリアパスを作るかが最重要です。

シンポジュームでは、苦労話や、工夫、大学の受け入れ態勢等、多岐にわたり、多くの社会人博士を輩出している山中研究室も、紹介されました。

社会人学生受け入れ研究室紹介資料

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UT Dallas Researchers Lead the First-Ever Trans-Paciﬁc Collaborative Mixed Reality Plant Walk

2020年07月27日管理者

慶應義塾大学山中研究室は、米国のテキサス大学ダラス校と共同で、日米を１００GのNICT(日本）の回線で接続し、世界3か所をMixed Reality同時につないだ。これは、3か所のリアルな環境にいるメンバーが、一つのMR環境に仮想的に同時に同じ場所にいて、一人のメンバーの誘導で、植物園を散歩するというデモンストレーションである。最も難しいのは、地球の半分の離れた距離で、仮想空間をシェアすることで、そのユーザエクスペアレンスも同時に評価した。この結果は、

UT Dallas Researchers Lead the First-Ever Trans-Paciﬁc Collaborative Mixed Reality Plant Walk <https://cs.utdallas.edu/trans-pacic-mixed-reality-plant-walk/>

に発表され、世界から多くの注目を得た。

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山中研夜の意見交換会 @Zoomが開催されました

2020年06月29日管理者

6/25（木）に山中研夜の意見交換会 @Zoomが開催されました。

新しい4年生が来たのに歓迎会もできず、困っていた山中研で、オンライン飲み会が開催されました。個性たっぷりの4年生と、わいわいガヤガヤの楽しい二時間半(予定は一時間)で、山中先生のワインが空いたので終わりました？

第一回オンライン意見交換会

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【訃報】慶應義塾大学特別招へい教授（国際）Malathi Veeraraghavan教授がご逝去されました

2020年05月21日管理者

University of Virginia（UVA)のコンピュータサイエンスの教授であり、IEEE Communication Societyの著名研究者のマラティ先生が2020年5月11日にご逝去されました。マラティ先生には、2015年から慶應義塾大学の特別招へい教授（国際）として、慶應義塾の研究、学術指導をしていただきました。多くの学生が、先生の講義を受け、また、論文や学位指導を受けました。マラティ先生は、研究内容に関しては、とても厳しく、絶対に「とりあえず」などと言う曖昧さを許さない一方、英語が苦手な学生にも根気よく説明し、説明を求め、meetingは5時間にも及ぶことさえありました。
先生とは、ベジタリアンにもかかわらず、よくレストランにご一緒していただいたり、高尾山に登りハイキングを楽しまれたりと、学生を含めて交流をしました。慶應義塾からも、多くの大学院の学生がUVAを訪問し、また、マラティ先生の学生も、日本を訪ねてくれました。
慶應義塾が取り組む国際化の大きな柱である博士の共同指導でもご活躍いただき（主査が慶應義塾の教授であっても、副主査を積極的に海外著名教授として、時間をかけて、指導をしてもらう）、学生たちは「二倍の負担！」と、その効果を感じながら、グローバルな世界へ羽ばたいています。
共同研究では、NICT/NSF JUNO(Japan US Network Opportunity)に、採択され、日本からは京都大学大木英司教授、慶應義塾大学山中直明、岡本聡、米国からはマラティ先生と、UTDのAndrea Fumagalli教授による最先端ネットワークの研究開発を行いました。週二回の早朝の電話会議で、マラティ先生は、元気よくディベートをされ、我々は、前日の夜はプレッシャーで、寝付きが悪いという共同研究でした。しかし、その結果は顕著で、最も成果のある研究として、３０件を超える共著論文と発表を行い、S評価を受けました。また、その中での研究は、世界最大級の国際会議Globecomでのベストペーパーや、当時、山中研の助手であった佐藤先生（現京都大学助教）とマラティ先生の共著論文は、電子情報通信学会の最優秀チュートリアル論文賞を受賞しました。
多くの成果と思い出を頂き、大変に日本びいきで優しく、真剣にご指導をいただいたマラティ先生に感謝をするとともに、ご冥福をお祈りいたします。我々は、マラティ先生のことを忘れずに、これからも頑張ります。
ありがとうございました、マラティ先生。

On behalf of Keio University, we would like to express our deepest sympathy on the passing of Keio university international distinguished visiting professor, Malathi Veeraraghavan. She was a truly great professor and a wonderful researcher and so we are proud to have been her global collaborators. She often came to Keio University and had some lectures and research discussion with PhD. candidates or graduate students. She treated the students always politely and kindly with a lot of enthusiasm. Her classroom lecture was also exciting and made a lot of great impact on the Japanese students with many smiles. We will never forget her and would like to give our deepest thanks to her.

IEEE ComSoc “In memory of Malathi Veeraraghavan”

https://www.comsoc.org/about/news/memoriams/malathi-veeraraghavan

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小池百合子東京都知事へのインタビュー記事が掲載されました（電子情報通信学会誌 Vol.103 No.1 (2020年1月発行）特別小特集）

2020年04月08日管理者

電子情報通信学会誌 Vol.103 No.1 (2020年1月発行）特別小特集に、小池百合子東京都知事へのインタビュー記事が掲載されました。

オリンピックは、新しい技術をチャレンジするチャンスでもあります。電子情報通信学会は、オリンピックで始まる新しい技術を特集することにより、この分野から見たオリンピックを再認識しようと思っています。小池都知事は、５Gやスマートソサイエティにも深い見識があり、さらに東京都は、副都知事にIT系社長経験者をお願いし、「Tokyo Data Highway」構想を掲げています。

（注：2020.4.8）　コロナウイルスの感染拡大に伴い、オリンピック・パラリンピックの1年の延期が決定されました。

～特別インタビュー～　オリンピック・パラリンピックを迎える東京都からのメッセージ
―電子情報通信学会誌特別小特集に寄せて―

インタビュアー：
慶應義塾大学　教授　山中直明
イーソリューションズ株式会社　代表取締役社長　佐々木経世氏

■掲載記事（リンク許可済み）

電子情報通信学会 Vol.103,No.1, pp.2-4

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山中先生の講演の記事が2019年11月19日の日刊工業新聞24面半ページで特集されました

2019年12月03日管理者

講演は１０月１０日に国立京都国際会館にて、ICT技術とデータの利用によるスマート社会の実現ー自動運転と電力のケーススタディーとして行われました。
５Gネットワークは携帯電話の１世代ではなく、４Gの１０倍、２０Gbpsの高速性、４Gの１００倍、１００万台（Ｋｍ２あたり）の多端末多重接続、４Ｇの１０分の１の1msecの遅延時間を実現します。
この講演では、その性能を実現する技術を議論するのではなく、たとえばIoTでデータを収集するということが、どのようなアプリケーションを考えて行われるかを説明し、その困難さにも言及しました。
現在のビッグデータは、いわばツイッターのようなテキストのスタティックなデータが中心です。一方、たとえば車載カメラの情報を５Gで吸い上げて、自動運転車のルートやポディションを正確に制御する場合３０msごとのデータが重要と言われ、さらに金曜日の１６：００は幼稚園のお迎えの駐車が多い、と言った機械学習も駆使することになります。そのための車載カメラの画像処理はクラウドでは処理しきれず、ネットワークエッジの能力の向上は必須です。

掲載記事はこちら　20191119_nikkan

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